ABNORMAL YANG JADI IDOLA
Kaktus Turbinicarpus alonsoi sulit didapat, apalagi kalau berbentuk kristata. Kaktus Turbinicarpus alonsoi koleksi Rusli Hadinata asal Tangerang, Banten, itu tampak seperti tanaman tunggal. Padahal, bila melihatnya secara saksama, kaktus itu terdiri atas tanaman. Dua tanaman diantaranya berbetnuk bulat, sisanya bebentuk mengipas. Ketiganya tampak menyatu karena berdempetan.
T. Alonsoi yang berbentuk mengipas itu mengalami mutasi kristata. Menurut Kepala Unit Kultur Jaringan di Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata, Fakultas Kehutana, IPB, Edhi Sandra MSi, kristata merupakan salah satu bentuk mutasi karena rusaknya titik tumbuh tanaman.
Akibatnya, proses pembelahan tanaman horizontal sel meristem-sel tanaman yang akan aktif melakukan pembelahan terganggu. “ Tanaman bukannya tumbuh membesar dan menebal justru melebar ke samping” kata Edhi. Sosok normal alonsoi berbentuk bulat dengan tuberkel alias batasng kaktus gepeng yang bertumpuk-tumpuk.
Bagi Rusli Hadinata, kaktus itu menjadi salahs atu koleksi paling istimewa. Di habitat aslinya, di lembah pegunungan daerah Xichi, Guanajuato, meksiko, populasi alonsoi terus berkurang dan terncam punah. Itulah sebabnya alonsoi termasuk dalam “daftar merah” Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Ia masuk dalam golongan appendix I. Artinya yang memeprjualbelikan alonsoi hasil buruan dari habitat aslinya di alam bakal mendapat sanksi hukum yang berat. Dari jenisnya saja sulit ditemui, apalagi yang kristata” ujar Rusli.
Menurut Edhi, peluang terkadinya kristata secara alami mencapai 1:1.000.000. Artinya dari penyemaian 1.000.000 biji, hanya satu yang berpeluang mengalami kristata. Oleh karena itu, Rusli getol berburu kaktus mutasi itu hingga ke mancanegara.
Yang tak kalah istimewa adalah Echinopsisi semidenudata dan Obregonia dengrii kristata. Sososk keduanya seperti kipas hidup. Drai ekdua kaktus abnormal itu, E. semidenudata krsitata memilikiperubahan bentuk paling ekstem. Pada tanaman noral biasanya memiliki 8-12 ribs atau lekukan dan tonjolan. Pada koleksi Rusli, ribs tumbuh berlipat-lipat sehingga tak tak tampak lagi cirri khas tanaman normal.
Penampilan kaktus abnormal impor asal Jepang itu cantik dengan tumbuhnya duri-duri halus berwarna putih yang membentk totol-totol. Ciri khas tanaman normal pada O. denegrii kristata masih dapat dikenali dari bentuk turbekelnya. Hanya saja duri yang tumbuh pada bagian tengahnya jumlahnya lebih banyak dan rapat.
Kristata pada kaktus melahirkan bentuk yang beragam dan unik. Contohnya pada ketiga Laphopora wiliamsii koleksi Rusli. Walaupun spesiesnya sama, ketiga peyote-sebutan lain kaktus bergenus Laphoporan itu memiliki bentuk lipatan unik yang berbeda-beda. Salah satunya berbentuk seperti jaringan otak. Lainnya memiliki rib gendut berbelimbing cirri khas L. wiliamsii normal
SIBUK ? PILIH TAMAN AWET
Ingin memiliki taman, tapi sibuk sehingga tak sempat merawat? Pilih saja tanaman yang seumur hidupnya tak perlu perawatan ekstra.
PT Roda Prima Lancar (RPL) tak perlu menyewa tenaga khusus untuk merawat taman seluas 2000m2. Pasalnya, perusahaan manufaktur logam di Kab Tangerang, Banten itu, menggunakan aneka jenis tanaman yang minim perawatan seperti bromelia sebagai elemen taman. Tanaman kerabat nanas itu berpadu dengan batu red lava yang menutupi permukaan media tanam.
Aglaonema, akalipa mini, dan cerombosa mini berbunga putih turut menyemarakkan taman. Taman karya perancang asal Kodya Depok, Jabar, Hari Harjanto, itu bertema taman kering. Tanaman seolah-olah tumbuh di bebatuan. Oleh karena itu, pada taman kering, aneka jenisa batu terlihat mendominasi area taman. Batu bahkan menyelimuti hingga seluruh permukaan media tanam.
Jebakan Serangga
Hari menerapkan konsep taman kering agar tak perlu perawatan khusus. “Taman kering untuk mereka yang super sibuk atau yang sering bepergian dalam jangka waktu lama tanpa khawatir penampilan taman akibat kurang perawatan”ujar alumnus Arsitektur Lansekap IPB. Tanaman yang minim perawatan sangat pas sebagai elemen taman kering.
Bromelia, misalnya, tergolong tanaman bandel sehingga tak perlu perawatan intensif. Sebab tanaman anggota family Bromeliaceae itumenghimpun nutrisi melalui 2 cara : menyerap nutrisi dari tanah dan pucuk tanaman. Pada bagian pucuk biasanya terisi air saat hujan atau penyiraman. Air yang tertampung itu berubah menjadi asam. Di “kubangan” itu seringkali terperangkap berbagai jenis serangga seperti lalat dan kumbang. Serangga yang terjebak lama kelamaan akan mati dan terurai menjadi sumber nutrisi. Pemilik taman juga tak perlu repot memangkas bromelia. Menurut ahli taman dan lingkungan di Fakultas Pertanian, Unibraw,Ir Didik Haryono MS pada beberapa tanaman hias pemangkasan bertujuan untuk meremajakan tanaman, merangsang pembungaan dan memelihara bentuk tajuk sehingga tetap indah. Pertumbuhan bromelia tergolong lamban. Meski demikian penampilan taman kering karya Hari tetap terlihat menawan dan mampu menghadirkan suasana semarak bunga. Itu karena Hari memilih jenis tanaman yang tak perlu dipangkas tapi bertajuk rapi dan tetap indah karena rajin berbunga. Salah satunya adalah Corymbosa mini berbunga putih. Tanaman semak itu berbunga tak kenal musim dan adaptif di dataran rendah seperti Jakarta.
Hari tak perlu repot memangkas karena corymbosa tergolong tanaman perdu. Tingginya maksimal hanya setinggi lutut orang dewasa. Pertumbuhan tanaman hanya membuat percabangan dan tajuk menjadi lebih rapat. Tanaman hias lain yang memiliki karakter seperti corymbosa adalah alkalipa mini.
Menurut Didik, golongan perdu dapat menjadi pilihan karena pertumbuhannya lambat. “Sebaiknya gunakan tanaman perdu yang memiliki bentuk tajuk berbeda agar lebih indah” ujarnya. Perbedaan bentuk tajuk juga menujukkan perbendaan perakaran. Dengan begitu tingkat serapan nutrisi juga berbeda sehingga tidak terjadi kompetisi nutrisi. Jika sampai terjadi kompetisi, maka pertumbuhan tanaman menjadi tidak seragam.
Nun di Permata Hijau, Jaksel, Nonon juga menerapkan konsep tanaman yang irit perawatan. Hanya saja ia lebih banyak menggunakan beberapa jenis tanaman hias bersosok besar seperti sikas, bukan perdu. Menurut Hari, sikas tergolong tanaman yang perawatannya gampang sehingga pemilik tak perlu repot memangkas karena pertumbuhan sikas lambat. Sehingga bertambah umur, anggota family Cycadaceae ini hanya bertambah daun.
Menurut Didik, tajuk sikas juga tidak terlalu rapat sehingga masih bisa meloloskan sinar matahari hingga 30-40%. Oleh karena itu tanaman lain yang berukuran lebih kecil di bawahnya tetap tumbuh subur karena masih mendapat sinar matahari. Tanaman palem-paleman juga dapat menjadi pilihan karena berkarakter mirip sikas, pertumbuhan lamban dan tak perlu pemangkasan.
Hari menuturkan taman tanpa pangkas biasanya lebih indah karena terlihat lebih alami. Toh, dengan begitu perawatan lebih mudah sehingga tak perlu tenaga khusus untuk merawat taman.
The Biggest Earthquakes Since 1900
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust. It is measured with a seismograph or seismometer using a moment magnitude or Richter Scale as the unit of measurement. An earthquake can cause tsunami waves, landslides, and volcano activities. Here are the five biggest earthquakes sine 1991 :
- Chile 1960.
This quake is known as the Great Chilean Earthquake, which happened on May 22, 1960.This 9,5 Richter Scale earthquake resulted in a landslide, flood and tsunami that affected Southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, southeast Australia and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The epicenter was about 900 km south of Santiago Valdivia was the most affected city.
2.Alaska, 1964
This earthquake is known as Great Alaskan Earthquake, the Portage Erathquake and the Good Friday Earthquake. This earthquake happened on Good Friday, March 27, 1964. Post-quake tsunami severely affected some Alaskan communities, British Columbia, Oregon and California. It also damaged Hawaii and Japan.
3. Indian Ocean, 2004
Happening on December 26, 2004., this natural disaster is known as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake because the epicenter was off the west coast Sumatra. The magnitude was between 9,1-9,3 Richter Scale. It triggered other earthquake as far as Alaska. The resulting tsunami has various names, like 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the Asian Tsunami, the Indonesian Tsunami and Boxing Day Tsunami. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest hit, followed by Sri Lanka, India and Thailand.
4. Russia, 1952
The earthquake happened in Kamchatka Peninsula, far eastern Russia, which it’s called the Kamchatka Earthquake. It measured 9,1 Richter Scale and a cause of a tsunami that resulted in many deaths. The tsunami reached as afar as New Zealand.
5.Japan, 2011
The earthquake that happened in Sendai prefecture on March 11, 2011 measured 8,9 Richter Scale. It resulted in a tsunami that reached Hawaii, the west coast of the United States, and some Asian countries, including Indonesia.
The Destruction of The Environment
These days most of us are aware that our environment is being destroyed by our own actions. Worl alert this time wants to look at certain words and expressions that have to do with this sad situation.
Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect. Usually the heat from the sun warms the earth, then goes back up into the space. But now too much carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere prevent the sun’s heat to go back up again. So the earth’s temperature has been rising and rising. Because the earth is getting warmer, some parts of the world may experience very long periods of dry weather called droughts, which have a bad effect on crops. Also, the warm weather causes the ice at the North and the South Poles to smelt, which causes floods in other parts of the world.
Substances called CFC’s, which is short for chlorofluorocarbons, are used in refrigerators, aerosol cans (like hairspray and mosquito repellant cans) and in the making of some plastic products. High above the surface of the earth, there’s a layer of gas, called the ozone layer, which helps protect the earth from the sun’s dangerous ultraviolet radiation. This kind of radiation can damage our skin and cause cancer. CFC’s have made holes in the ozone layer, the result of which is that now more ultraviolet radiation is coming through these roles.
Rainforests usually absorb carbondioxide, so rainforest keep global warming under control. But now a lot of these forests have been destroyed, an act called deforestation. So the atmosphere now contains more carbondioxide. Again the result is that the earth is getting warmer. The destruction of the forests has also resulted in the extinction of certain plant and animal species because their habitats have turns to dry areas of land, or even into deserts.
Are you aware that fumes from your car or motorbike go into the air and cause air pollution? A lot of petrol contains lead and when you breathe in this poisonous substance, you may get brain damage. Air pollution is also caused by waste gases from factories and power stations. Some poisonous gases dissolve in water in the atmosphere and then fall to the earth. This is called acid rain, which damages trees and buildings and can kill living organism.
It’s really sad situation, isn’t it? Isn’t it about time that we stopped the destruction of Mother Earth? If we don’t, then for sure we’ll be headed for our own destruction.
Hiking in Hong Kong
Tourist rarely associate one of the densest cities in the world with hiking, most people are surprised to learn that 25% of Hong Kong is undeveloped land and another 40% is officially reserved for country parks and nature reserves. That means the majority of the territory is green and ripe for the outdoor adventurer, offering everything form mountains, rivers, waterfalls, and bamboo forests to beautiful coasts, remote villages and sea cliffs. For a city with a reputation for skyscrapers and dense urban living, it is a quite a contrast. In the morning you have breakfast at your hotel, and by lunch you can be picnicking on a white sandy beach with hardly anyone around. There is something incredible unique about being able to escape the urban jungle and return to the city in time for cocktails at the hotel bar.
Since it is hard experience everything that the Hong Kong outdoors has to offer, the best way for visitors to see the land is through the territory’s superb hiking trails, many of which are easy for even the first time visitors to find and follow. Most hikes are part of Hong Kong’s main footpaths : the 50 kilometre Hong kong trail from Victoria Peal to Big Wave Bay on Hong Kong Island, the 70 kilometre Lantau Trail on Lantau Island, the 78 kilometre Wilson Trail from Stanley to the New Territory and the 100 kilometre MacLehose Trail from Sai Kung to Tuen Mun in the New Territories.
BEE TRIVIA (Part 4)
What you can do to help bees?
Here are our top tips
- Don’t pick wild flowers as they’re a valuable source of nectar for bees
- Don’t use insecticides. Apart from pests, the chemicals kill bees and lots of other insects too.
- Put a beehive in your garden : a local beekeeper could help you with that.
- Buy and eat honey, and make sure its produced locally. This will help beekeepers and bees.
- Treat bees with respect. They’ll only sting if they think they’re under attack. If one come near you, just stay calm and move away…and never kill them.
BEE TRIVIA (Part 3)
Honeybee colonies are divided into three groups :
The queen bee, the worker bees and the drones
- The queen bee
The queen bee lives for between one and five years. Her only job is to produce offspring. And she’s pretty good at this and can lay up to 2,000 eggs per day. She’s continuously surrounded by workers bees who meet her every need. When conditions are favourable for swarming (when the number of bees is getting too big for the hive, or the queen is getting old) the queen will start laying eggs in queen cups. Virgin queens will develop from fertilized eggs in these cups. These bees become bigger and stronger because they’re fed on royal jelly, a protein-rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers. All honeybee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed on it exclusively. The new queens that emerge will then move off to start new colonies.
- Worker bees
Woker bees (the female) can live up to six months, depending on how much work they have to do. They collect nectar and make honey. They also make “propolis” (bee glue) from the resin of certain types of trees and bushes. They use this to fill cracks and holes in the hive. The average worker honeybee makes 1/12 of a teaspoon in honey in her lifetime. A worker bee lets other workers know about a nes source.
- Drones
Drones (the males) can live up to four months, although they often survive for less during the summer. Larger than the worker bees, the drones, have no stinger and don’t do any work, spending most of their time mating with the queen.
AUTUMN SUNSHINE
The best places to enjoy autumn
September can be a depressing month. The summer holidays are over, its time to go back to work or school and Christmas is four months away. However, for some people it’s the perfect time to get away. These days, more and more people are taking their holidays late in the year and for good reasons. Holidays in autumn can be cheaper, the resorts are less crowded and the weather isn’t an extreme as it is in the summer. So, where are the best places to go? Here are our top tips.
- Sardinia (In Italy)
Has an average temperature of 27C in September. It also has “Autunno in Barbagia” (Autumn in Barbagia) a series of festivals that take place in 27 villages in Barbagia, a mountainous region of inland Sardinia. The festivals continue from September to December, so there’s always something happening. There are street markets, craft workshops and there’s lots of eating and drinking (this is Italy, after all).
2. Dubrovnik (In Croatia)
Has become very popular in summer but its quieter and more pleasant once the crowds have left. The weather is still warm but less humid. You can take a ferry to the popular beaches o the island of Sunj and enjoy it with the locals.
3. Dahab (In Egypt)
Is extremely hot in the summer, with the temperatures up to 38C. However, the autumn is cooler while the sea is still very warm. This makes Dahab the perfect place for snorkeling and windsurfing. There are also interesting historical sites to visit such as the Coloured Canyon, with its dramatic rock formation and St. Catherine’s Monastery, at the foot of Mount Sinai.
4. Kas
Is a relaxed fishing village on the Lycian coast in southern Turkey. There are plenty of things to do and the temperature have dropped (so you can actually enjoy doing them). Kas is a good place to stay if you want to walk part of the Lycian Way : a long distance footpath thet stretches for 500km from Fethiye to Antalya through the ancient land of Lycia. There also watersport, of course. The best time to go diving is supposed to be after the first rains the autumn (usually between late September and early October) when the fish become most active.
5. Marrakech (In Moroco)
Is another good destination. The city itself is a fascinating place to spend a few days. When you’ve had enough of that, go to Tigmi, a beautiful hill town about 20km away. There’s a hammam (a Turkish bath) and a large heated pool, which makes it the perfect place to relax.
Wherever you go this autumn-have fun!!!
BEE TRIVIA (Part 2)
There are many different types of bees
- Honeybees live in colonies and produce large amounts of honey. They also pollinate crops and plants. They can only sting once. A honeybee visits 50 to 100 flowers during a collection trip.
- Bumblebees also pollinate crops and plants, but only nake enough honey to feed their young. Bumblebees can sting more than once, and will chase anyone who disturbs their nest (often pursuing themover long distences). The bumblebee sting is one of the most painful.
- Carpenter beeslive alone. They only build nests for themselves and their family. They get their name from their ability to drill through wood (which can cause damage to houses). Carpenter bees pollinate plants thet are ignored by honeybees.
- African honeybees (also known as “killer bees”) live in South America and areas in the west and south of Unites States. Their venom is no more dangerous than ordinary honeybees, but they often attack in large numbers, which is why they’re called “killer bees”. If you ever find yourself being chased by them, run in zigzag pattern and seek shelter in a house or car. Don’t jump in the water as they’ll just wait around until you come up for air.
BEE TRIVIA (Part 1)
Here are some more interesting things about bees
- In the past, honey was so valued as a natural sweetener that it could be used to pay taxes in some countries
- Honey is considered by some cultures to be “ the foods of the Gods”
- Honey can be kept for hundreds of years without going off
- Honey is produces by bees from plant nectar
- Honey is the only food that includes all the substances necessary to sustain life, including enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and water plus it’s the only food that contains “pinocembrin”, an antioxidant that helps your brain function more effectively
- A honeybee makes a buzzing sound because its wings flap approximately 11,000 times per minute
- Bees have been producing honey from flowering plants for 10-12 million years
- Bees are social insects and live in large colonies. If humans have provided the nest, these colonies are referred to as’ hives’ or ‘beehives’. A colony of bees consist of 20 to 6,000 honeybees and one queen. Bees are known as eusocial “(pronoun “ you special”) animals, with an advanced level of organization and a single female producing the offspring.
- There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees, and part from Antartica, they can be found on every continent.
- Bees can fly at speeds of up to about 25 kph.
- Bees play an essential role in pollination, which is the first part in the process of plant reproduction. During pollination, plants are fertilized when pollen is transferred from the male reproductive organs in plants to the female ones. Without bees, many of the plants in the world wouldn’t exist.